State budget issues, 2009-2010
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State and local government budgets faced challenges as the nationwide economic downturn that began in 2008 continued to cause budget problems in the economy. One of the greatest challenges that budget makers faced was lower-than-expected revenues from taxes. In Fiscal Year 2009, budget makers were overwhelmed by lower-than-expected revenues from taxes. Additionally, public spending at the state and local level is 10 times what it was in the 1950's, while private spending is only 5 times what it was during the '50s.[1] A recent report by the Government Accountability Office reported the state local gap at $9.9 trillion.[2]
- See also: State budget issues, 2010-2011
As a report produced by the National Center of State Legislatures concluded,
Lawmakers in virtually every state scrambled to keep their FY 2009 budgets balanced while at the same time struggling to enact new ones for FY 2010. Hemorrhaging revenues drove the massive difficulties they faced. No matter how pessimistic revenue forecasts were, actual collections seemed to come in lower. This happened over and over and over again. Ultimately, states were not just faced with lower revenue growth rates, they confronted year-over-year declines in actual collections[3].
The Government Accountability Office has said,
| “ | … closing the fiscal gap over the next 50 years would require action to be taken today and maintained for each and every year going forward equivalent to a 12.3 percent reduction in state and local government current expenditures. Closing the fiscal gap through revenue increases would require action of a similar magnitude ….[4] | ” |
A subsequent report by the National Governors Association and National Association of State Budget Officers found that FY2010 presented the most difficult challenge for states’ financial management since the Great Depression.[5]
In total, states faced a budget shortfall of $113.2 billion in FY 2009. As substantial as that is, it is far less than the deficit some have forecast for FY 2010. According to one such projection, states could face a total shortfall of $142.6 billion this year.[3] The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has said that state and local government could be facing a $10 trillion gap over the next several years.[6]
Federal “stimulus” funds, authorized under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, helped some states avoid some cuts in programs and civil service employment. However, as the entry below explains, that short-term fix carries costly consequences as well.[3]
Contents |
[edit] Declines in Spending
In FY2009, 43 states made a total of $31.3 billion in mid-year budget cuts, and 40 states made mid-year budget cuts to their fiscal 2010 budgets totaling $22 billion.[5]
For FY2009, states expected to spend from all sources (general funds, federal funds, other state funds and bonds) an estimated $1.59 trillion, with the general fund representing 41.7 percent of the total.[5]
Total State Spending for Estimated FY2009[5]
| Category | % of total state spending |
|---|---|
| Elementary and secondary education | 21.1% |
| Medicaid | 21.0% |
| Higher education | 9.8% |
| Transportation | 8.2% |
| Corrections | 3.3% |
| Public assistance | 1.6% |
| All other expenditures | 34.9% |
Tax revenues in FY2008 amounted to $541.4 billion. They declined 11.8% to $477.4 billion in FY2010.[5] In FY2009, 41 states brought in revenue amounts below their projections.[5]
Although revenues were lower and spending was cut, many states relied on funds from other sources, including money the state borrowed, from rainy day funds and federal stimulus funds, all of which fueled spending and in some cases increased spending.
[edit] Rainy Day Funds
Because prior economic downturns resulted in lower than anticipated revenue collections, states established “rainy day” accounts during times of economic expansion to help stabilize budgets from future declines in tax collections. The effort to maintain adequate balances helps mitigate the disruption to state services during an economic downturn. Also, rainy day funds can be used to balance budgets when revenues are below expectations. The informal guideline has been that budget reserve balances should equals at least five percent of total expenditures to provide a relatively adequate fiscal cushion.[5]
Total Year-End Balances as a Percentage of Expenditures, Fiscal 2009 to Fiscal 2011 (number of states)[5] NOTE: The average for fiscal 2009 (actual) was 4.7 percent
| Percentage | Fiscal 2009 (Actual) | Fiscal 2010 (Estimated) | Fiscal 2011(Recommended) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Less than 1.0% | 11 | 14 | 15 |
| 1.0% to 4.9% | 16 | 16 | 17 |
| 5.0% to 9.9% | 14 | 12 | 10 |
| 10% or more | 9 | 8 | 8 |
[edit] Federal “Stimulus” Deepens State Budget Woes
Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), Congress awarded states and localities some $280 billion (35% of all stimulus dollars) to sustain employment, create jobs and promote economic activity and growth. The vast majority of the state and municipal outlays — some 85% — have been designated for health, transportation, education and training programs. In FY2008, the federal share of total state spending was 26.3% and that increased to 30% in FY2009 due to the ARRA.[5]
The Wall Street Journal on January 2, 2010 identified federal stimulus funds as making the state budget situation worse.[7] Legislators, enticed by the promise of federal money, spent more money instead of adjusting budgets to declining revenue. Money was added for K-12 education; higher education; child care; and health and welfare benefits.
In addition, the funds given to states also included large expansion of Medicaid to cover the health care of unemployed workers and single workers without children. In 2011, when the federal funds run out, states will be stuck with one million more people on Medicaid with no money to pay for it. The estimated increase from the temporary increase in the Federal Medicaid Assistance Percentage (FMAP) from ARRA is $87 billion over the 27 months which began October 2008 and ends December 2010.[5] Medicaid enrollment increased by 6.0 percent during fiscal 2009.[5]
Then National Governors Association acknowledged this fact in its Fiscal Survey of the States, noting the loss of ARRA funds combined with the anticipated slow recovery of state revenues is expected to result in the continuation of difficult state fiscal conditions for the next few years.[5]
An accounting of stimulus funding by state is available at Recovery.gov, a Web site created by Congress as a repository for information related to stimulus spending.
The Government Accountability Office also has issued a report on the challenge to states in complying with maintenance of effort requirements.[8]
[edit] Public employee salaries impact on state budgets
State and local governments employ some 20 million people nationwide. Employee compensation costs represent the largest set of expenditures in every state budget. Analyzing the fiscal dynamics of the civil service system reveals some of the most significant constraints and opportunities legislators confront in balancing state budgets.
Total state expenditures exceeded $2.2 trillion last year, of which wages and benefits amounted to $1.1 trillion.[9] Consequently, budgeting decisions related to at least 50 percent of all state budgets are driven by the wage provisions of civil service contracts and funding obligations for state workers’ health care and pension plans.
Labor costs also constituted a sizable proportion of private-sector business costs. But the average wages and benefits provided to public sector employees far exceed the rates paid by private employers. For example, the average hourly wage of public employees in 2008—$39.66—was 45 percent more than the average hourly wage of $27.42 paid in the private sector.[9]
States fulfill health care and pension obligations through direct contributions as well as investment earnings on those contributions. At its most fundamental, the formula for sustainability of health care and pension funds is: Contributions + Investments = Benefits + Expenses.
States’ recent investment losses, which exceeded $800 billion in 2008, have worsened the budgetary pressures of pension obligations. For example, the state of Illinois was forced to borrow $3.5 billion to meet its pension obligations, thereby incurring tens of millions of dollars in additional debt service costs. Estimates peg the total unfunded liabilities of state and local pension plans between $1 trillion and $3 trillion.[10]
Health care obligations likewise are sapping state budgets. Unlike the private sector, state and local governments have largely adopted “defined benefit” plans, under which specific types of services are assured. (In 2009, for example, defined benefit plans were provided to 84 percent of state and local workers compared to 21 percent of private-sector employees.[11]) The costs of defined benefit plans escalate annually. In contrast, “defined contribution” plans provide a fixed payment for pensions and thus in fully funding pensions. Moreover, public employees contribute far less to their health care coverage compared to workers in the private sector.
Demographics also are exacerbating the budgetary burden of the public-sector workforce. Current retirees leave work at an earlier age and live longer, thus drawing substantially more retiree health care and pension benefits than their predecessors.
[edit] Rainy Day Funds
Because prior economic downturns resulted in lower than anticipated revenue collections, states established “rainy day” accounts during times of economic expansion to help stabilize budgets from future declines in tax collections. The effort to maintain adequate balances helps mitigate the disruption to state services during an economic downturn. Also, rainy day funds can be used to balance budgets when revenues are below expectations. The informal guideline has been that budget reserve balances should equals at least five percent of total expenditures to provide a relatively adequate fiscal cushion.[5]
Total Year-End Balances as a Percentage of Expenditures, Fiscal 2009 to Fiscal 2011 (number of states)[5]
| Percentage | Fiscal 2009 (Actual) | Fiscal 2010 (Estimated) | Fiscal 2011(Recommended) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Less than 1.0% | 11 | 14 | 15 |
| 1.0% to 4.9% | 16 | 16 | 17 |
| 5.0% to 9.9% | 14 | 12 | 10 |
| 10% or more | 9 | 8 | 8 |
NOTE: The average for fiscal 2009 (actual) was 4.7 percent
[edit] Charts
Below, there are four charts. One is for the state budgets in FY 2009. The other is for state budgets in FY 2010. The third chart contains information about the allocation of funds under the ARRA.
[edit] Fiscal Year 2010
The following chart lists state budget projections for the FY2010 as of October 9th, 2009[3] [12] .
| State budget | Spending Transparency | Estimated Shortfall | Estimated Percent of General Fund Budget |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama budget | No | $1.2 billion [13] | |
| Alaska budget | Partial | $1.35 billion [3] | 31% [3] |
| Arizona budget | No | $1.4 billion [14] | |
| Arkansas budget | No | no shortfall [3] | n/a [3] |
| California budget | No | $41.6 billion [15] | |
| Colorado budget | No | $560.7 million [12] | |
| Connecticut budget | No | $4.1 billion [3] | 22.2% |
| Delaware budget | No | $300 million [16] | 12.9% [3] |
| District of Columbia budget | No | ||
| Florida budget | No | $6 billion [3] | 27% [3] |
| Georgia budget | Yes | $900 million [12] | |
| Hawaii budget | No | $1.41 billion [3] | 25.4% [3] |
| Idaho budget | No | $151 million | |
| Illinois budget | Partial | $7.29 billion [3] | %21.2 [3] |
| Indiana budget | No | $569 million [3] | |
| Iowa budget | No | $779 million [3] | |
| Kansas budget | Yes | $1.11 billion [3] | 17% [3] |
| Kentucky budget | Yes | $1.08 billion [3] | |
| Louisiana budget | Yes | $2.02 billion [3] | %19.8 [3] |
| Maine budget | No | $640 million [3] | 18.8% [3] |
| Maryland budget | Partial | $1.95 billion [12] | |
| Massachusetts budget | No | $400-600 million[12] | |
| Michigan budget | No | $1.2 billion [3] | 12.3% [3] |
| Minnesota budget | No | $2.6 billion [3] | 14.7% [3] |
| Mississippi budget | Partial | no shortfall[12] | n/a[12] |
| Missouri budget | Yes | $388 million [3] | %5.3 [3] |
| Montana budget | $67.1 million [3] | 3.6% [3] | |
| Nebraska state budget | Yes | no shortfall [12] | |
| Nevada budget | Yes | $1.24 billion [3] | 31.6% [3] |
| New Hampshire budget | No | $12.2 million [3] | .8% [3] |
| New Jersey budget | No | $8.71 billion [3] | 24.4% [3] |
| New Mexico budget | No | $440 million [12] | |
| New York budget | Partial | $2.9 - 3.5 billion [12] | |
| North Carolina budget | No | $4.6 billion [3] | %20.8 [3] |
| North Dakota budget | no shortfall [3] | n/a [3] | |
| Ohio budget | No | $1.29 billion [3] | %.48 [3] |
| Oklahoma budget | Yes | no shortfall [12] | n/a[12] |
| Oregon budget | No | $1.6 billion [3] | %18 [3] |
| Pennsylvania budget | No | $3.97 billion [3] | 13.5% [3] |
| Rhode Island budget | Yes | $587 million [3] | 19.6% [3] |
| South Carolina budget | Yes | $797 million [3] | |
| South Dakota budget | Yes | ||
| Tennessee budget | No | $1.04 billion [3] | |
| Texas budget | Yes | $3.3 billion [3] | 7.6% [3] |
| Utah budget | No | $685 million [3] | 13.5% [3] |
| Vermont budget | Partial | $28 million [12] | |
| Virginia budget | Partial | $1.35 billion [12] | |
| Washington budget | Yes | no shortfall [12] | n/a[12] |
| West Virginia budget | Partial | $200 million [3] | 4.5% |
| Wisconsin budget | No | $3.1 billion [3] | 20.1% [3] |
| Wyoming budget | No | no shortfall[3] | N/A [3] |
[edit] Fiscal Year 2009
Fiscal 2009 General Fund, Actual (Millions)[5]
| Region/State | Beginning | Balance Revenues Adjustments | Total | Resources Expenditures Adjustments | Ending | Balance | Budget | Stabilization Fund | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NEW ENGLAND | |||||||||
| Connecticut | $0 | $15,701 | $179 | $15,880 | $16,828 | $0 | -$948 | $1,382 | |
| Maine | 1 | 2,855 | 244 | 3,100 | 3,018 | 56 | 26 | 0 | |
| Massachusetts | 2,406 | 25,994 | 0 | 28,400 | 27,384 | 0 | 1,017 | 841 | |
| New Hampshire | 17 | 1,375 | 0 | 1,393 | 1,472 | -80 | 0 | 9 | |
| Rhode Island | -41 | 3,023 | -45 | 2,937 | 2,999 | 0 | -62 | 80 | |
| Vermont | 0 | 1,103 | 66 | 1,168 | 1,146 | 22 | 0 | 60 | |
| MID-ATLANTIC | |||||||||
| Delaware | 526 | 3,148 | 0 | 3,674 | 3,296 | 0 | 379 | 186 | |
| Maryland | 487 | 12,901 | 1,015 | 14,403 | 15,080 | -764 | 87 | 692 | |
| New Jersey | 1,304 | 29,060 | 562 | 30,926 | 30,312 | 0 | 614 | 0 | |
| New York | 2,754 | 53,801 | 0 | 56,555 | 54,607 | 0 | 1,948 | 1,206 | |
| Pennsylvania | 583 | 24,305 | 166 | 25,054 | 27,084 | 0 | -2,030 | 755 | |
| GREAT LAKES | |||||||||
| Illinois | 141 | 27,551 | 1,593 | 29,285 | 26,982 | 2,023 | 280 | 276 | |
| Indiana | 1,050 | 13,063 | 0 | 14,113 | 13,019 | 130 | 964 | 365 | |
| Michigan | 458 | 7,161 | 1,014 | 8,633 | 8,456 | 0 | 177 | 2 | |
| Ohio | 1,682 | 26,685 | 0 | 28,367 | 27,362 | 0 | 735 | 0 | |
| Wisconsin | 131 | 12,113 | 573 | 12,817 | 12,744 | -17 | 90 | 0 | |
| PLAINS | |||||||||
| Iowa | 0 | 5,889 | 45 | 5,934 | 5,934 | 0 | 0 | 519 | |
| Kansas | 527 | 5,587 | 0 | 6,114 | 6,064 | 0 | 50 | 0 | |
| Minnesota | 1,920 | 15,388 | 0 | 17,308 | 16,861 | 0 | 447 | 395 | |
| Missouri | 836 | 7,451 | 425 | 8,712 | 8,449 | 0 | 263 | 260 | |
| Nebraska | 584 | 3,351 | -182 | 3,752 | 3,329 | 0 | 424 | 576 | |
| North Dakota | 453 | 1,354 | 0 | 1,807 | 1,237 | 208 | 362 | 325 | |
| South Dakota | 0 | 1,141 | 13 | 1,154 | 1,153 | 0 | 0 | 107 | |
| SOUTHEAST | |||||||||
| Alabama | 219 | 6,753 | 529 | 7,501 | 7,735 | -340 | 105 | 188 | |
| Arkansas | 0 | 4,435 | 0 | 4,435 | 4,435 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Florida | 321 | 23,971 | 0 | 24,292 | 23,661 | 0 | 631 | 274 | |
| Georgia | 2,217 | 17,842 | 251 | 20,310 | 18,572 | 0 | 1,738 | 217 | |
| Kentucky | 86 | 8,553 | 625 | 9,263 | 9,158 | 66 | 40 | 7 | |
| Louisiana | 866 | 9,386 | 119 | 10,370 | 9,382 | 912 | 76 | 854 | |
| Mississippi | 37 | 4,955 | 0 | 4,992 | 4,984 | 0 | 8 | 315 | |
| North Carolina | 599 | 19,146 | 0 | 19,745 | 19,653 | 0 | 92 | 150 | |
| South Carolina | 324 | 5,544 | 0 | 5,869 | 5,748 | 0 | 121 | 0 | |
| Tennessee | 348 | 9,869 | 676 | 10,893 | 10,804 | 89 | 0 | 557 | |
| Virginia | 313 | 15,791 | 0 | 16,104 | 15,943 | 0 | 161 | 575 | |
| West Virginia | 550 | 3,902 | 27 | 4,479 | 3,980 | 18 | 481 | 473 | |
| SOUTHWEST | |||||||||
| Arizona | 1 | 6,966 | 1,307 | 8,274 | 8,754 | 0 | -481 | 2 | |
| New Mexico | 735 | 5,748 | 264 | 6,747 | 6,046 | 313 | 389 | 389 | |
| Oklahoma | 291 | 6,147 | 131 | 6,568 | 6,542 | 0 | 26 | 597 | |
| Texas | 6,815 | 38,817 | -870 | 44,763 | 42,411 | -75 | 2,427 | 6,726 | |
| ROCKY MOUNTAIN | |||||||||
| Colorado | 284 | 6,743 | 813 | 7,840 | 7,396 | 0 | 444 | 148 | |
| Idaho | 240 | 2,466 | 15 | 2,720 | 2,720 | 0 | 0 | 128 | |
| Montana | 434 | 1,808 | 8 | 2,250 | 1,858 | 0 | 392 | 0 | |
| Utah | 0 | 4,567 | 470 | 5,038 | 5,016 | 0 | 22 | 419 | |
| Wyoming | 10 | 1,745 | 0 | 1,755 | 1,750 | 0 | 5 | 398 | |
| FAR WEST | |||||||||
| Alaska | 0 | 5,858 | -401 | 5,457 | 5,732 | 1,175 | -1,451 | 8,898 | |
| California | 4,071 | 82,772 | -1,757 | 85,086 | 90,940 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Hawaii | 330 | 5,008 | 0 | 5,338 | 5,375 | 0 | -37 | 60 | |
| Nevada | 316 | 3,673 | 0 | 3,989 | 3,777 | 0 | 212 | 0 | |
| Oregon | 5 | 5,849 | -20 | 5,834 | 5,834 | 0 | 0 | 113 | |
| Washington | 790 | 13,089 | 928 | 14,807 | 14,617 | 0 | 189 | 21 | |
| TERRITORIES | |||||||||
| Puerto Rico | 0 | 5,008 | 0 | 11,250 | 11,250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | $36,017 | $621,402 | - | $666,202 | $657,908 | - | $4,458 | $29,546 |
The following chart lists state budget information for the Fiscal Year 2009[3]. If information is in italics, it is based off April data. Otherwise, information for a state's budget is from June and July of 2009 surveys, which is after Fiscal year 2009 ended.
| State budget | Spending Transparency | Shortfall | Percent of General Fund Budget |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama budget | No | $269 million [3] | 13%[3] |
| Alaska budget | Partial | $1.52 billion [3] | 21% [3] |
| Arizona budget | No | $2.43 billion [3] | 24.2% [3] |
| Arkansas budget | No | no shortfall [3] | n/a [3] |
| California budget | No | $19.64 billion [3] | 18.8% [3] |
| Colorado budget | No | $1.19 billion [3] | 15.1% [3] |
| Connecticut budget | No | $1.35 billion [3] | 7.9% [3] |
| Delaware budget | No | $236 million [3] | 6.8% [3] |
| District of Columbia budget | No | ||
| Florida budget | No | $3.18 billion [3] | 12.3% [3] |
| Georgia budget | Yes | $2.93 billion [3] | 14.1% [3] |
| Hawaii budget | No | $639 million [3] | 11.1% [3] |
| Idaho budget | No | $405 million [3] | 14.8% [3] |
| Illinois budget | Partial | $4.32 billion [3] | 13.7% [3] |
| Indiana budget | No | $973 million [3] | 7% [3] |
| Iowa budget | No | $35 million [3] | .50% [3] |
| Kansas budget | Yes | $186 million [3] | 2.9% [3] |
| Kentucky budget | Yes | $456 million [3] | 5.1% [3] |
| Louisiana budget | Yes | $341 million [3] | 3.5% [3] |
| Maine budget | No | $270 million [3] | 8.7% [3] |
| Maryland budget | Partial | $1.38 billion [3] | 9.5% [3] |
| Massachusetts budget | No | $2.59 billion [3] | 10.5% [3] |
| Michigan budget | No | $313 million [3] | 3.2% [3] |
| Minnesota budget | No | $426 million [3] | 1.2% [3] |
| Mississippi budget | Partial | $407 million [3] | 8% [3] |
| Missouri budget | Yes | $779 million[3] | 10.4%[3] |
| Montana budget | no shortfall [3] | n/a [3] | |
| Nebraska budget | Yes | $5.3 million [3] | .20% [3] |
| Nevada budget | Yes | $1.09 billion [3] | 28.1% [3] |
| New Hampshire budget | No | $250 million [3] | 10% [3] |
| New Jersey budget | No | $4.4 billion [3] | 13.3% [3] |
| New Mexico budget | No | $454 million [3] | 7.5% [3] |
| New York budget | Partial | $1.7 billion [3] | 3.4% [3] |
| North Carolina budget | No | $2.2 billion[3] | 10.3% [3] |
| North Dakota budget | no shortfall [3] | n/a | |
| Ohio budget | No | $1.18 billion[3] | 6.1% [3] |
| Oklahoma budget | Yes | $6.8 million [3] | 0.10% [3] |
| Oregon budget | No | $755 million [3] | 10.4% [3] |
| Pennsylvania budget | No | $2.6 billion [3] | 9.2% [3] |
| Rhode Island budget | Yes | $449 million[3] | 13.7%[3] |
| South Carolina budget | Yes | $1.18 billion [3] | 17.6% [3] |
| South Dakota budget | Yes | $71.4 million [3] | 6.2% [3] |
| Tennessee budget | No | $1.07 billion [3] | 11.5% [3] |
| Texas budget | Yes[3] | no shortfall[3] | n/a |
| Utah budget | No | $875 million [3] | 15.6% [3] |
| Vermont budget | Partial | $75 million [3] | 6.5% [3] |
| Virginia budget | Partial | $1.66 billion[3] | 9.8% [3] |
| Washington budget | Yes | $1.37 billion [3] | 8.0% [3] |
| West Virginia budget | Partial | no shortfall[3] | n/a[3] |
| Wisconsin budget | No | $942 million [3] | 6.8% [3] |
| Wyoming budget | No | no shortfall[3] | n/a [3] |
[edit] ARRA
The chart lists the amount of money States have been awarded, as well as received, from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The chart is recent as of October 21st, 2009[17].
| State | ARRA Funds Awarded | ARRA Awarded Per Capita | ARRA Funds Received |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $178.58 million [17] | $38[17] | $14.82 million[17] |
| Alaska | $260.03 million [17] | $379 [17] | $25.53 million [17] |
| Arizona | $139.39 million [17] | $21 [17] | $29.60 million [17] |
| Arkansas | $59.15 million[17] | $21 [17] | $6.68 million [17] |
| California | $1.14 billion [17] | $31 [17] | $157.92 million [17] |
| Colorado | $553.78 million [17] | $112 [17] | $48.33 million [17] |
| Connecticut | $47.24 million[17] | $13 [17] | $1.04 million [17] |
| Delaware | $30.29 million [17] | $35 [17] | $4.81 million [17]\ |
| District of Columbia | $562.32 million [17] | $950 [17] | $22.45 million [17] |
| Florida | $334.59 million [17] | $18 [17] | $48.00 million [17] |
| Georgia | $209.48 million [17] | $22 [17] | $19.20 million [17] |
| Hawaii | $122.43 million [17] | $95 [17] | $12.54 million [17] |
| Idaho | $477.89 million [17] | $314 [17] | $82.19 million [17] |
| Illinois | $473.75 million [17] | $37 [17] | $21.65 million [17] |
| Indiana | $146.37 million [17] | $23 [17] | $12.04 million [17] |
| Iowa | $79.31 million [17] | $26 [17] | $3.13 million [17] |
| Kansas | $118.09 million[17] | $42 [17] | $20.75 million [17] |
| Kentucky | $225.46 million[17] | $53 [17] | $22.82 million [17] |
| Louisiana | $115.02 million [17] | $26 [17] | $33.3 million [17] |
| Maine | $22.62 million [17] | $17[17] | $16.28 million [17] |
| Maryland | $590.51 million [17] | $105[17] | $48.24 million [17] |
| Massachusetts | $335.24 million [17] | $52[17] | $47.62 million [17] |
| Michigan | $315.02 million [17] | $12[17] | $149.57 million [17] |
| Minnesota | $90.98 million[17] | $17[17] | $33.00 million [17] |
| Mississippi | $138.94 million[17] | $47[17] | $10.03 million [17] |
| Missouri | $144.14 million[17] | $103[17] | $11.45 million [17] |
| Montana | $99.22 million[17] | $103[17] | $11.45 million [17] |
| Nebraska | $48.44 million[17] | $27[17] | $1.55 million [17] |
| Nevada | $70.84 million[17] | $27[17] | $15.51 million [17] |
| New Hampshire | $16.32 million[17] | $12[17] | $427 thousand[17] |
| New Jersey | $208.11 million[17] | $24[17] | $29.73 million [17] |
| New Mexico | $514.91 million[17] | $259[17] | $263.56 million [17] |
| New York | $750.77 million[17] | $39[17] | $59.97 million [17] |
| North Carolina | $121.27 million[17] | $13[17] | $11.91 million [17] |
| North Dakota | $95.45 million[17] | $149 [17] | $16.91 million [17] |
| Ohio | $259.27 million [17] | $22 [17] | $23.53 million [17] |
| Oklahoma | $79.86 million [17] | $22 [17] | $10.21 million [17] |
| Oregon | $105.69 million [17] | $28[17] | $48.57 million [17] |
| Pennsylvania | $626.54 million [17] | $50[17] | $29.24 million [17] |
| Rhode Island | $7.59 million [17] | $7[17] | $540,798 [17] |
| South Carolina | $253.84 million[17] | $57[17] | $219.56 million [17] |
| South Dakota | $33.79 million[17] | $42[17] | $4.64 million [17] |
| Tennessee | $1.11 billion [17] | $179[17] | $75.58 million [17] |
| Texas | $524.02 million[17] | $22[17] | $47.08 million [17] |
| Utah | $194.36 million[17] | $71[17] | $17.37 million [17] |
| Vermont | $12.58 million[17] | $20[17] | $495 thousand[17] |
| Virginia | $366.32 million[17] | $47 [17] | $80.01 million [17] |
| Washington | $2.22 billion [17] | $339[17] | $228.82 million [17] |
| West Virginia | $58.19 million[17] | $32[17] | $4.37 million [17] |
| Wisconsin | $46.16 million [17] | $8[17] | $12.29 million [17] |
| Wyoming | $18.38 million [17] | $35[17] | $585 thousand [17] |
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- National Center of State Legislatures
- States in worst budget trouble (Describes states with the largest gaps between desired spending and expected revenue.)
- No Stimulus
- Recovery.gov
- Read the Stimulus
- Stimulus Watch
[edit] References
- ↑ Watchdog, State and Local Government Spending Outpaces Private Sector, Aug 18, 2010
- ↑ West Virginia Watchdog, GAO: State, Local Governments ‘Will Steadily Decline’, Sept. 13, 2010
- ↑ 3.000 3.001 3.002 3.003 3.004 3.005 3.006 3.007 3.008 3.009 3.010 3.011 3.012 3.013 3.014 3.015 3.016 3.017 3.018 3.019 3.020 3.021 3.022 3.023 3.024 3.025 3.026 3.027 3.028 3.029 3.030 3.031 3.032 3.033 3.034 3.035 3.036 3.037 3.038 3.039 3.040 3.041 3.042 3.043 3.044 3.045 3.046 3.047 3.048 3.049 3.050 3.051 3.052 3.053 3.054 3.055 3.056 3.057 3.058 3.059 3.060 3.061 3.062 3.063 3.064 3.065 3.066 3.067 3.068 3.069 3.070 3.071 3.072 3.073 3.074 3.075 3.076 3.077 3.078 3.079 3.080 3.081 3.082 3.083 3.084 3.085 3.086 3.087 3.088 3.089 3.090 3.091 3.092 3.093 3.094 3.095 3.096 3.097 3.098 3.099 3.100 3.101 3.102 3.103 3.104 3.105 3.106 3.107 3.108 3.109 3.110 3.111 3.112 3.113 3.114 3.115 3.116 3.117 3.118 3.119 3.120 3.121 3.122 3.123 3.124 3.125 3.126 3.127 3.128 3.129 3.130 3.131 3.132 3.133 3.134 3.135 3.136 3.137 3.138 3.139 3.140 3.141 3.142 3.143 3.144 3.145 3.146 3.147 3.148 3.149 3.150 3.151 3.152 3.153 3.154 3.155 3.156 3.157 3.158 3.159 3.160 3.161 http://www.ncsl.org/documents/fiscal/StateBudgetUpdateJulyFinal.pdf National Conference of State Legislatures, State Budget Update July Final]
- ↑ Watchdog, GAO: State, local governments ‘will steadily decline’, Aug. 26, 2010
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 "The Fiscal Survey of States" National Governors Association and National Association of State Budget Officers June 2010
- ↑ Watchdog, GAO: $10 trillon gap threatens government services, Aug. 25, 2010
- ↑ Wall Street Journal, The States and the Stimulus, January 2, 2010
- ↑ Government Accountability Office, Planned Efforts and Challenges in Evaluating Compliance with Maintenance of Effort and Similar Provisions, November 2009
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 US Bureau of Economic Analysis, Table 6.2D. Compensation of Employees by Industry, August 20, 2009
- ↑ Government Accountability Office, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RETIREE HEALTH BENEFITS, November 2009
- ↑ American Economic Association (AEA), WILL PUBLIC SECTOR RETIREE HEALTH BENEFIT PLANS SURVIVE? ECONOMIC AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF UNFUNDED LIABILITIES, January 2009
- ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 National Conference of State Legislatures, FY 2010 Post-Enactment Budget Gaps & Budget Cuts
- ↑ Center on Budget & Policy Priorities, “New Fiscal Year Brings No Relief From Unprecedented State Budget Problems,” September 3, 2009
- ↑ The Arizona Republic,"Few options left for fixing Arizona budget," January 11, 2010
- ↑ California Department of Finance, “Governor’s Message,” January 9, 2009
- ↑ The News Journal,"Delaware lawmakers return, once again facing tough choices with budget shortfall," January 10, 2010
- ↑ 17.000 17.001 17.002 17.003 17.004 17.005 17.006 17.007 17.008 17.009 17.010 17.011 17.012 17.013 17.014 17.015 17.016 17.017 17.018 17.019 17.020 17.021 17.022 17.023 17.024 17.025 17.026 17.027 17.028 17.029 17.030 17.031 17.032 17.033 17.034 17.035 17.036 17.037 17.038 17.039 17.040 17.041 17.042 17.043 17.044 17.045 17.046 17.047 17.048 17.049 17.050 17.051 17.052 17.053 17.054 17.055 17.056 17.057 17.058 17.059 17.060 17.061 17.062 17.063 17.064 17.065 17.066 17.067 17.068 17.069 17.070 17.071 17.072 17.073 17.074 17.075 17.076 17.077 17.078 17.079 17.080 17.081 17.082 17.083 17.084 17.085 17.086 17.087 17.088 17.089 17.090 17.091 17.092 17.093 17.094 17.095 17.096 17.097 17.098 17.099 17.100 17.101 17.102 17.103 17.104 17.105 17.106 17.107 17.108 17.109 17.110 17.111 17.112 17.113 17.114 17.115 17.116 17.117 17.118 17.119 17.120 17.121 17.122 17.123 17.124 17.125 17.126 17.127 17.128 17.129 17.130 17.131 17.132 17.133 17.134 17.135 17.136 17.137 17.138 17.139 17.140 17.141 17.142 17.143 17.144 17.145 17.146 17.147 17.148 17.149 17.150 17.151 17.152 17.153 http://www.recovery.gov/pages/textview.aspx?data=homeMapRecipient&datasource&datasource=recipient Recovery.org, State And Agency Data Reported by Federal Contract Recipients]
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